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最新的 Linux 5.6 内核中提供了 8 种类型的 Namespace： **Namespace名称 ** **作用 ** **内核版本 ** mount（mnt） 隔离挂载点 2.4.19 Process ID （pid） 隔离进程 ID 2.6.24 Network (net) 隔离网络设备、端口号等 2.6.29 Interprocess Communication (ipc) 隔离 System V IPC 和 POSIX message queues 2.6.19 UTS Namespace(uts) 隔离主机名和域名 2.6.19 User Namespace (user) 隔离用户和用户组 3.8 Control group (cgroup) Namespace 隔离 Cgroups 根目录 4.6 Time Namespace 隔离系统时间 5.6 目前 Docker 只使用了其中的前6 种，分别为 ...

rootless container rootless container中的”rootless”不仅仅指容器中以非root用户来运行进程，还指以非root用户来创建容器，管理容器。也就是说，启动容器的时候，是以非root用户来执行的。 ...

对于 CPU，如果 pod 中服务使用 CPU 超过设置的limits，pod 不会被 kill 掉但会被限制 chatgpt回答 在 Kubernetes 中，当容器中的服务使用的 CPU 超过设置的 limits 时，Pod 不会被直接杀掉，而是会被限制（throttling）。 Kubernetes 使用 CPU throttling（CPU 限制）机制来处理超出限制的 CPU 使用情况。当容器使用的 CPU 超过其设置的 limits 时，Kubernetes 会限制容器的 CPU 使用，以确保其他容器和系统的正常运行。这种限制是通过在容器中引入 CPU throttling 周期来实现的。 CPU throttling 会将容器的 CPU 使用限制在设置的 limits 范围内。当容器使用的 CPU 超过 limits 时，Kubernetes 会限制容器的 CPU 时间片，使其在一段时间内只能使用一部分 CPU 资源。这样可以防止容器过度占用 CPU 资源，影响其他容器和系统的性能。 通过 CPU throttling，Kubernetes 在超出 CPU limits 的情况下仍然保持了容器的运行，但限制了其 CPU 使用，以避免对整个集群造成不利影响。这种机制可以帮助确保集群中的各个容器能够公平共享 CPU 资源，并提供一定程度的容错能力。 需要注意的是，虽然 CPU throttling 可以帮助限制容器的 CPU 使用，但过度的 CPU 使用可能会导致应用程序性能下降。因此，在设计和部署应用程序时，建议合理设置 CPU limits，以确保应用程序能够在适当的 CPU 资源范围内运行，并避免过度占用 CPU 资源。 网上回答 所有的资源类型，可以被划分为两大类：可压缩和不可压缩的。 ...

server.conf配置 server { listen 80; server_name example.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend-server:8080; } } server { listen 1680; server_name another-domain.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend-server:8080; } } 这是一段nginx配置，实际 example.com和another-domain.com 都能用到这2个端口号，为什么？因为后端服务是相同的吗？我理解，只有another-domain.com才能通过1680端口访问，而example.com只能通过80端口访问。 ...

Class Network Address Number of Hosts Netmask /0 4,294,967,296 0.0.0.0 /1 2,147,483,648 128.0.0.0 /2 1,073,741,824 192.0.0.0 /3 536,870,912 224.0.0.0 /4 240,435,456 240.0.0.0 /5 134,217,728 248.0.0.0 /6 67,108,864 252.0.0.0 /7 33,554,432 254.0.0.0 A /8 16,777,216 255.0.0.0 /9 8,388,608 255.128.0.0 /10 4,194,304 255.192.0.0 /11 2,097,152 255.224.0.0 /12 1,048,576 255.240.0.0 /13 524,288 255.248.0.0 /14 262,144 255.252.0.0 /15 131,072 255.254.0.0 B /16 65,536 255.255.0.0 /17 32,768 255.255.128.0 /18 16,384 255.255.192.0 /19 8,192 255.255.224.0 /20 4,096 255.255.240.0 /21 2,048 255.255.248.0 /22 1,024 255.255.252.0 /23 512 255.255.254.0 C /24 256 255.255.255.0 /25 128 255.255.255.128 /26 64 255.255.255.192 /27 32 255.255.255.224 /28 16 255.255.255.240 /29 8 255.255.255.248 /30 4 255.255.255.252 /31 2 255.255.255.254 /32 1 255.255.255.255 IPv6 CIDR Start of range End of range Total addresses Total /64 subnets ::/2 :: 3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 85,070,591,730,234,615,865,843,651,857,942,052,864 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 ::/1 :: 7fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ::/0 :: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 2001:db8::/128 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:: 1 - 2001:db8::/127 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001 2 - 2001:db8::/126 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003 4 - 2001:db8::/125 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0007 8 - 2001:db8::/124 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:000f 16 - 2001:db8::/123 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:001f 32 - 2001:db8::/122 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:003f 64 - 2001:db8::/121 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:007f 128 - 2001:db8::/120 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00ff 256 - 2001:db8::/119 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:01ff 512 - 2001:db8::/118 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:03ff 1,024 - 2001:db8::/117 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:07ff 2,048 - 2001:db8::/116 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0fff 4,096 - 2001:db8::/115 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:1fff 8,192 - 2001:db8::/114 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:3fff 16,384 - 2001:db8::/113 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:7fff 32,768 - 2001:db8::/112 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:ffff 65,536 - 2001:db8::/111 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001:ffff 131,072 - 2001:db8::/110 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003:ffff 262,144 - 2001:db8::/109 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0007:ffff 524,288 - 2001:db8::/108 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:000f:ffff 1,048,576 - 2001:db8::/107 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:001f:ffff 2,097,152 - 2001:db8::/106 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:003f:ffff 4,194,304 - 2001:db8::/105 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:007f:ffff 8,388,608 - 2001:db8::/104 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:00ff:ffff 16,777,216 - 2001:db8::/103 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:01ff:ffff 33,554,432 - 2001:db8::/102 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:03ff:ffff 67,108,864 - 2001:db8::/101 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:07ff:ffff 134,217,728 - 2001:db8::/100 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0fff:ffff 268,435,456 - 2001:db8::/99 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1fff:ffff 536,870,912 - 2001:db8::/98 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:3fff:ffff 1,073,741,824 - 2001:db8::/97 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:7fff:ffff 2,147,483,648 - 2001:db8::/96 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:ffff:ffff 4,294,967,296 - 2001:db8::/95 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0001:ffff:ffff 8,589,934,592 - 2001:db8::/94 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0003:ffff:ffff 17,179,869,184 - 2001:db8::/93 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0007:ffff:ffff 34,359,738,368 - 2001:db8::/92 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:000f:ffff:ffff 68,719,476,736 - 2001:db8::/91 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:001f:ffff:ffff 137,438,953,472 - 2001:db8::/90 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:003f:ffff:ffff 274,877,906,944 - 2001:db8::/89 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:007f:ffff:ffff 549,755,813,888 - 2001:db8::/88 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:00ff:ffff:ffff 1,099,511,627,776 - 2001:db8::/87 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:01ff:ffff:ffff 2,199,023,255,552 - 2001:db8::/86 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:03ff:ffff:ffff 4,398,046,511,104 - 2001:db8::/85 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:07ff:ffff:ffff 8,796,093,022,208 - 2001:db8::/84 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0fff:ffff:ffff 17,592,186,044,416 - 2001:db8::/83 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:1fff:ffff:ffff 35,184,372,088,832 - 2001:db8::/82 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:3fff:ffff:ffff 70,368,744,177,664 - 2001:db8::/81 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:7fff:ffff:ffff 140,737,488,355,328 - 2001:db8::/80 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:ffff:ffff:ffff 281,474,976,710,656 - 2001:db8::/79 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0001:ffff:ffff:ffff 562,949,953,421,312 - 2001:db8::/78 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0003:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,125,899,906,842,624 - 2001:db8::/77 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0007:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,251,799,813,685,248 - 2001:db8::/76 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:000f:ffff:ffff:ffff 4,503,599,627,370,496 - 2001:db8::/75 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:001f:ffff:ffff:ffff 9,007,199,254,740,992 - 2001:db8::/74 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:003f:ffff:ffff:ffff 18,014,398,509,481,984 - 2001:db8::/73 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:007f:ffff:ffff:ffff 36,028,797,018,963,968 - 2001:db8::/72 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:00ff:ffff:ffff:ffff 72,057,594,037,927,936 - 2001:db8::/71 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:01ff:ffff:ffff:ffff 144,115,188,075,855,872 - 2001:db8::/70 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:03ff:ffff:ffff:ffff 288,230,376,151,711,744 - 2001:db8::/69 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:07ff:ffff:ffff:ffff 576,460,752,303,423,488 - 2001:db8::/68 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:0fff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 - 2001:db8::/67 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:1fff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 - 2001:db8::/66 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 - 2001:db8::/65 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:7fff:ffff:ffff:ffff 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 - 2001:db8::/64 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0000:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 1 2001:db8::/63 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0001:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 36,893,488,147,419,103,232 2 2001:db8::/62 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0003:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 73,786,976,294,838,206,464 4 2001:db8::/61 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0007:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 147,573,952,589,676,412,928 8 2001:db8::/60 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:000f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 295,147,905,179,352,825,856 16 2001:db8::/59 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:001f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 590,295,810,358,705,651,712 32 2001:db8::/58 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:003f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 64 2001:db8::/57 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:007f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 128 2001:db8::/56 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:00ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 256 2001:db8::/55 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:01ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 512 2001:db8::/54 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:03ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 18,889,465,931,478,580,854,784 1,024 2001:db8::/53 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:07ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 37,778,931,862,957,161,709,568 2,048 2001:db8::/52 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:0fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 75,557,863,725,914,323,419,136 4,096 2001:db8::/51 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:1fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 151,115,727,451,828,646,838,272 8,192 2001:db8::/50 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 302,231,454,903,657,293,676,544 16,384 2001:db8::/49 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:7fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 604,462,909,807,314,587,353,088 32,768 2001:db8::/48 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0000:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 65,536 2001:db8::/47 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0001:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,417,851,639,229,258,349,412,352 131,072 2001:db8::/46 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0003:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 4,835,703,278,458,516,698,824,704 262,144 2001:db8::/45 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0007:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 524,288 2001:db8::/44 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:000f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 19,342,813,113,834,066,795,298,816 1,048,576 2001:db8::/43 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:001f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 38,685,626,227,668,133,590,597,632 2,097,152 2001:db8::/42 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:003f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264 4,194,304 2001:db8::/41 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:007f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 154,742,504,910,672,534,362,390,528 8,388,608 2001:db8::/40 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:00ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 309,485,009,821,345,068,724,781,056 16,777,216 2001:db8::/39 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:01ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 618,970,019,642,690,137,449,562,112 33,554,432 2001:db8::/38 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:03ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 67,108,864 2001:db8::/37 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:07ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,475,880,078,570,760,549,798,248,448 134,217,728 2001:db8::/36 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:0fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 4,951,760,157,141,521,099,596,496,896 268,435,456 2001:db8::/35 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:1fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 9,903,520,314,283,042,199,192,993,792 536,870,912 2001:db8::/34 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 19,807,040,628,566,084,398,385,987,584 1,073,741,824 2001:db8::/33 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:7fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 39,614,081,257,132,168,796,771,975,168 2,147,483,648 2001:db8::/32 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 4,294,967,296 2001:db8::/31 2001:db8:: 2001:0db9:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 158,456,325,028,528,675,187,087,900,672 8,589,934,592 2001:db8::/30 2001:db8:: 2001:0dbb:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 316,912,650,057,057,350,374,175,801,344 17,179,869,184 2001:db8::/29 2001:db8:: 2001:0dbf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 633,825,300,114,114,700,748,351,602,688 34,359,738,368 2001:db0::/28 2001:db0:: 2001:0dbf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 68,719,476,736 2001:da0::/27 2001:da0:: 2001:0dbf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,535,301,200,456,458,802,993,406,410,752 137,438,953,472 2001:d80::/26 2001:d80:: 2001:0dbf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 5,070,602,400,912,917,605,986,812,821,504 274,877,906,944 2001:d80::/25 2001:d80:: 2001:0dff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 10,141,204,801,825,835,211,973,625,643,008 549,755,813,888 2001:d00::/24 2001:d00:: 2001:0dff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 20,282,409,603,651,670,423,947,251,286,016 1,099,511,627,776 2001:c00::/23 2001:c00:: 2001:0dff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 40,564,819,207,303,340,847,894,502,572,032 2,199,023,255,552 2001:c00::/22 2001:c00:: 2001:0fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 81,129,638,414,606,681,695,789,005,144,064 4,398,046,511,104 2001::/20 2001:: 2001:0fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 17,592,186,044,416 2001::/19 2001:: 2001:1fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 649,037,107,316,853,453,566,312,041,152,512 35,184,372,088,832 2001::/18 2001:: 2001:3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024 70,368,744,177,664 2001::/17 2001:: 2001:7fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,596,148,429,267,413,814,265,248,164,610,048 140,737,488,355,328 2001::/16 2001:: 2001:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 5,192,296,858,534,827,628,530,496,329,220,096 281,474,976,710,656 2001:800::/21 2001:800:: 2001:0fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 162,259,276,829,213,363,391,578,010,288,128 8,796,093,022,208 2000::/15 2000:: 2001:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 10,384,593,717,069,655,257,060,992,658,440,192 562,949,953,421,312 2000::/14 2000:: 2003:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 20,769,187,434,139,310,514,121,985,316,880,384 1,125,899,906,842,624 2000::/13 2000:: 2007:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 41,538,374,868,278,621,028,243,970,633,760,768 2,251,799,813,685,248 2000::/12 2000:: 200f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 83,076,749,736,557,242,056,487,941,267,521,536 4,503,599,627,370,496 2000::/11 2000:: 201f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 166,153,499,473,114,484,112,975,882,535,043,072 9,007,199,254,740,992 2000::/10 2000:: 203f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 332,306,998,946,228,968,225,951,765,070,086,144 18,014,398,509,481,984 2000::/9 2000:: 207f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 664,613,997,892,457,936,451,903,530,140,172,288 36,028,797,018,963,968 2000::/8 2000:: 20ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 1,329,227,995,784,915,872,903,807,060,280,344,576 72,057,594,037,927,936 2000::/7 2000:: 21ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2,658,455,991,569,831,745,807,614,120,560,689,152 144,115,188,075,855,872 2000::/6 2000:: 23ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 5,316,911,983,139,663,491,615,228,241,121,378,304 288,230,376,151,711,744 2000::/5 2000:: 27ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 10,633,823,966,279,326,983,230,456,482,242,756,608 576,460,752,303,423,488 2000::/4 2000:: 2fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 21,267,647,932,558,653,966,460,912,964,485,513,216 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 2000::/3 2000:: 3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 42,535,295,865,117,307,932,921,825,928,921,026,432 2,305,843,009,213,693,452